Cheapest Factory Stainless Steel for Kazakhstan Factories

Here is one way to make a cone from flat stock. I used aluminum sheet coil but you could use paper or any flat material.

You can find cone calculators online, I used this particular cone calculator …

https://craig-russell.co.uk/demos/cone_calculator/

Study of the Bauschinger effect on a sample of 4340 steel. Test consists in cyclic tensile and compression stresses on the material. The machine used for the test is an Instron and a extensometer sensor attached to the sample has been used to accurately measure the deformation of the sample through the relevant section. As this is the end of the test, the extensometer has been detached before the sample breaks and potentially damages the sensor. The midle section of the sample is so thin anyway that any deformation happening away from it is negligible.